Stages of Labor
Pathophysiology
Labor proceeds through first stage (dilation/effacement), second stage (expulsive), third stage (placental delivery), and fourth stage (early recovery). Progress depends on maternal-fetal physiology and care environment.
Nursing Assessment
- Track dilation, effacement, station, and contraction pattern.
- Monitor maternal coping, fatigue, and fetal tolerance each stage.
- Assess placental separation signs and postpartum bleeding risk in third/fourth stages.
Nursing Interventions
- Match support strategies to stage and phase intensity.
- Use position changes and stage-appropriate coping guidance.
- Prepare for escalation when progression stalls or distress patterns emerge.
- Prioritize one-to-one surveillance in vulnerable immediate postpartum phase.